A transformer style welding power supply converts the high voltage and low current electricity from the utility mains into a high current and low voltage, typically between 17 to 45 volts and 55 to 590 amps. A rectifier converts the AC into DC on more expensive machines.
This design typically allows the welder to select the output current by either moving a magnetic shunt in and out of the core of the transformer or allows the welder to select the output voltage from a set of taps on the transformer. These machines are typically the least expensive.
Transformer designs are often bulky because they operate at the utiltiy mains frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. Such low frequency transformers must have a high magnetizing inductance to avoid wasteful shunt currents. The transformer may also have significant leakage inductance for short circuit protection. The leakage inductance may be variable so the operator can set the output current.
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